Tranexamic Acid

Derived from the amino acid lysine, tranexamic acid is a synthetic ingredient that works by interrupting at least two separate pathways in the skin responsible for discoloration, whether that's dark spots or brown and gray patches, which is why it's considered a suitable option for melasma prone skin. It also works within skin's surface layers to lessen its vulnerability to UV exposure, which supports a more youthful look over time, and it may help calm certain types of sensitivity related redness as well.

One formulation note: because tranexamic acid is water soluble, it penetrates skin best when paired with an oil soluble ingredient, like tocopherol or a plant oil, that can help carry it in.